imperial five punishments of feudal China, up to Han times: tattooing characters on the forehead 墨mò, cutting off the nose 劓yì, amputation of one or both feet 刖yuè, castration 宫gōng, execution 大辟dàpì
Han dynasty onwards: whipping 笞chī, beating the legs and buttocks with rough thorns 杖zhàng, forced labor 徒tú, exile or banishment 流liú, capital punishment 死sǐ