Direction complements are one of the big obstacles in Chinese grammar. They hit
you very near the beginning of your studies, and rarely ‘click’ on the first
viewing. They’re often one of the first grammar topics that really slows a
learner down and makes them start paying attention to Chinese grammar.
We’re going to build up a complete guide to Chinese direction complements by
covering it in smaller chunks. Then we’ll put together a big summary piece that
pulls it all together. This is the first in the series: basic direction
complements with 来 and 去.
Direction complements: coming closer or going away?
That question is the fundamental point in understanding direction complements:
is the action coming closer to the speaker, or moving further away from them?
Once you focus on that, these constructions tend to get a bit clearer.
If the action of the verb is getting closer to the speaker, 来 is used. The
action is coming closer. If the action is moving away from the speaker, 去 is
used. The action is going away. That’s the first part.
This fundamental coming / going movement gets combined with another direction.
Imagine that the whole movement or action must have its direction described
fully. The fundamental coming / going part of it, plus another direction.
If this seems confusing, fear not! As always, a good dose of example sentences
should make it clearer. Let’s have a look at these combinations one by one.
Up and down: 上 (shàng) and 下 (xià)
As well as moving towards or a way from the speaker, an action can also go up
and down, right? For those situations, the up and down directions are covered by
上 and 下. Notice how those characters actually look like arrows indicating the
direction.
The structure for this is:
verb [上/下] [来/去]
So you can make any combination you like out of 上 or 下, then 来 or 去. There
are four possible combinations there. Let’s have a look at an example:
This sounds like it is being said by someone who is upstairs to someone who is
downstairs. The speaker wants the listener to make a movement up and
towards them, so they use 上 and 来. Notice how English says “come up”,
whereas Chinese switches the order: 上来 is literally “up come”.
What if the person downstairs doesn’t want to go up, and asks the first person
to come down? They could say:
This action is still coming towards the speaker (the person downstairs), but
now it’s down and towards them. So 下 and 来 are used.
It might be fun to make up a silly scenario to go through all four combinations
in one story. Imagine that the boss of a company has ordered something important
online, and the delivery person has arrived with it. The secretary is downstairs
and phones the boss upstairs.
The boss wants the delivery person to come upstairs to her office. So she says
to the secretary on the phone:
This movement is up and towards the boss, so the boss uses 上来. Now the
secretary passes this message on to the delivery person:
This movement is up and away from the secretary, so he uses 上去.
The delivery person has a policy of being very clear about everything, so he
says:
Again, this movement is up and away from the delivery person, so he uses 上去.
The delivery person goes up and gives the important parcel to the boss. The boss
then says.
Again, the delivery person likes to be super-clear, so he says:
Unfortunately, the delivery person gets lost trying to find the stairs. Some
time passes, and the secretary wonders what’s going on. He phones the boss and
says:
Eventually they sort it out and everyone lives happily ever after.
In that somewhat repetitive story, we covered all four combinations of 上来,
上去, 下来 and 下去. Let’s have a look at some more examples:
In the next article in this series, we’ll look at some more complex sentences
involving 上来, 上去, 下来 and 下去.
In and out: 进 (jìn) and 出 (chū)
Besides 上 and 下, you can use a variety of other directions with 来 and 去 in
direction complements. One pair is 进 and 出: inward movements and outward
movements. Remember that direction complements are about movements relative to
the speaker.
进 and 出 combine with 来 and 去 in the same way as 上 and 下 did above. For
example:
The speaker might be in a room or office and is inviting the listener to come
in (note that this is usually shortened to just 请进). More examples:
With direction complements involving 进 and 出, you’ve got to consider if the
movement is going into or out of a location (进 or 出), and whether the speaker
is inside or outside of that location.
Back: 回 (huí)
The next direction we’ll look at is 回. This is for movements that are going
back or returning. You can combine 回 with 来 or 去 to talk about
coming back or going back.
Have a look at some examples:
Again, notice how the movement is always relative to the speaker, regardless of
what other direction is included in the direction complement.
Across: 过 (guò)
By combining 来 or 去 with 过, you can talk about movements that
come across or go across. This can also cover come over and go over in
English.
Examples:
Note that other than meaning “go over”, 过去 is also a word meaning “the past”.
These meanings are related: the past is what has gone past or “gone across” a
line separating past and future.
Rising: 起 (qǐ)
起 is a very versatile word in Chinese, and it’s a little bit trickier to
understand in direction complements. In general it means “to rise”, and in
direction complements it can only be combined with 来. Examples:
That’s the basic meaning of 起来, but there are further meanings we’ll go into
in a later article in this series.
Reaching and arriving: 到 (dào)
Direction complements with 到 work slightly differently to the rest. The
structure is slightly different, because you put the destination in between 到
and 来 or 到 and 去:
… 到 [destination] 去
… 到 [destination] 来
These are used to talk about going to places or coming to places. Examples:
That’s as advanced as we want to get with direction complements in this article
though. More detailed coverage is on the way!
See also